Response of nutrients, biofilm, and benthic insects to salmon carcass addition

نویسندگان

  • Shannon M. Claeson
  • Judith L. Li
  • Jana E. Compton
  • Peter A. Bisson
چکیده

Salmon carcass addition to streams is expected to increase stream productivity at multiple trophic levels. This study examined stream nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon), epilithic biofilm (ash-free dry mass and chlorophyll a), leaf-litter decomposition, and macroinvertebrate (density and biomass) responses to carcass addition in three headwater streams of southwestern Washington State, USA. We used stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) to trace incorporation of salmon-derived (SD) nutrients into stream food webs. SD nutrients were assimilated by biofilm, benthic insects (Perlidae and Limnephilidae spp.), and age-1 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri). SD nutrients peaked ~2 weeks after carcass addition for insects and fish feeding on carcasses, but indirect uptake of SD nutrients by biofilm and insects was delayed by ~2 months. A strong stable isotope signal did not always correspond with measurable biological change. At reaches 10–50 m downstream from carcasses, ammonium concentration, leaf-litter decomposition, and benthic insect density all increased relative to upstream control sites. The strongest responses and greatest SDnutrient uptake were observed 10 m from decomposing carcasses, with effects generally decreasing to undetectable levels 250 m downstream. Carcass addition to headwater streams can have a transient effect on primary and secondary trophic levels, but responses may be limited to specific taxa near carcass locations. Résumé : L’addition de carcasses de saumons dans les cours d’eau doit augmenter, croit-on, la productivité du milieu à plusieurs niveaux trophiques. Notre étude examine les réactions des nutriments du cours d’eau (azote, phosphore et carbone), du biofilm épilithique (masse sèche sans les cendres et chlorophylle a), de la décomposition de la litière de feuilles et des macroinvertébrés (densité et biomasse) à l’addition de carcasses dans trois cours d’eau d’amont du sudouest de l’état de Washington, É.-U. Nous utilisons les isotopes stables ( 13C et 15N) pour suivre l’incorporation des nutriments dérivés des saumons (nutriments SD) dans les réseaux alimentaires des cours d’eau. Les nutriments SD sont assimilés par le biofilm, les insectes benthiques (des espèces de Perlidae et de Limnephilidae) et les truites arc-en-ciel anadromes (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) d’âge 1. Les nutriments SD atteignent un sommet ~2 semaines après l’addition des carcasses chez les insectes et les poissons qui se nourrissent de carcasses, mais l’incorporation indirecte des nutriments SD par le biofilm et les insectes est retardée de ~2 mois. Un fort signal d’isotopes stables ne correspond pas toujours à un changement biologique mesurable. Dans des secteurs 10–50 m en aval des carcasses, les concentrations d’ammonium, la décomposition de la litière de feuilles et la densité des insectes benthiques augmentent toutes par rapport aux sites témoins d’amont. Les réactions les plus fortes et l’incorporation la plus importante de nutriments SD s’observent à 10 m des carcasses en décomposition et les effets décroissent généralement à des niveaux non décelables 250 m en aval. L’addition de carcasses dans les cours d’eau d’amont peut avoir un effet transitoire sur les niveaux trophiques primaire et secondaire, mais les effets peuvent se limiter à des taxons particuliers près de l’emplacement des carcasses. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Claeson et al. 1241

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تاریخ انتشار 2006